During much of the 1990s, I found myself writing religious questions with preemptive rebuttals to weak and recycled apologetics. I was searching for substantive explanations to disturbing questions. The obvious inequality of women as articulated in the Qur’an, troubled me. My written questions became a book, shared privately with the Jama’at. I wasn’t speaking out publicly back then. Today, however, I am. We must normalize dissent. And the time to do so, is now.
My approach consisted of gathering the strongest counter-arguments to Islam. In most cases, the strongest counter-arguments came from mere contemplation. From honest reflection. I questioned some of the Qur’an’s most problematic verses on women. My analysis turned into a book. The written form lends itself to the communication of nuanced ideas too difficult to catalog in conversation. Verbal dialogue does not lend itself to a systematic traversal of branches upon branches of apologetics, analysis, and argumentation.
My book focused on the moral and social implications of the Qur’an’s imbalanced treatment of men and women. My book also contained observations and opinion of how the religion negatively influenced the social growth of my own community, the Ahmadiyya Muslims.
I wanted to see if Islam could muster a cogent comeback. Instead of answers, my book raised a small disturbance with the religious elites in my Community. This is that story. A journey for answers—and the fallout.
My book is entitled The Things We Think but are too Afraid to Say. It was first released privately to the Jama’at’s leadership, some 20+ years ago. Today, and for the very first time, my book is now available to the public.
Topics
Sidebars and Resources
- Get the Book & Preview
- Proselytization Terminology
- Salient Personalities
- Flashback: A Missionary Thinks Outside the Box
- Applauding the Effort
- In Profile: The National Secretary
- Who Do They Worship?
- The Marriage of Aisha and Precedent?
- Not Your Typical Young Ahmadi Muslim
- Critical Thinking and Grooming Professors of Religion
Get the Book.
Tap the book icon or this download link.
If you’re a Muslim who believes in the infallibility of the Qur’an and enlightenment values of equality, you owe it to yourself to consider the questions raised in this book—even if you aren’t from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
The book begins by presenting foundational postulates. These are meant to encapsulate the often unsaid rules for evaluating a religion’s coherence. In this book, they are tailored towards Islam. Tap the trailing ellipsis (...) after each item for a preview.
- Postulate 1: Universality
The Qur'an is final, universal and comprehensive.
- Postulate 2: Reasonable Injunctions
All commandments / injunctions for societies are based on reasoning agreeable to an open and objective mind.
- Postulate 3: Repercussions of a Fundamental Nature
Commandments with repercussions of a fundamental nature are not dangerously ambiguous.
- Postulate 4: Limits of Interpretation
Interpretations must limit themselves to only being that. They cannot start attributing meanings to words which they are incapable of bearing.
- Postulate 5: Overall Truth
Overall Falsehood may contain Truths, but an Overall Truth, can only be composed of Truths.
- Postulate 6: The Balance of Realism and the Ideal
The system of an Islamic society based on Qur'anic law is one whose safeguards and protection mechanisms are in place because the Law must be realistic whilst simultaneously paving a road to the Ideal.
In addition to the original postulates, the book touched on 11 issues.
- Two female witnesses for one male witness
This chapter explores the reasons for the two females for one male witness injunction given in Qur'an 2:283.11 The discussion highlights reasons why this injunction is no longer applicable and then seeks to understand how this conclusion fits into the Islamic concept of the universality of Qur'anic teachings for all time.
Various common (and uncommon) explanations are examined and eliminated in turn. The conclusion of this process underscores the apparent incoherence of this injunction-or alternatively-our expectations of Qur'anic Law.
- Polygamy and slave wives
The role of polygyny, slavery and concubinage continues to be a source of controversy for Islam-whether it be in historical attempts to ascertain what actually happened in the past or what is and is not permitted today.
This chapter illustrates how even the Ahmadiyya Muslim concept for polygyny is ambiguous and incoherent. This foundation being laid, subsequent questions arise concerning references to slave wives and what exactly this means in Ahmadiyya Islamic theology.
Mainstream Islamic literature is brought in at this point to illustrate how varied a reading on this matter exists, further exacerbating the need for coherence and logic from within Ahmadiyya Islamic thought, if it is to assert a leadership role in these matters.
Finally, the thesis is put forth that polygyny is riddled with more problems for the modern age than solutions in the way that it has been left to the abuses, unfairness, excesses, and definitions of man.
- Women as deficient, as gifts, and as objects acted upon by men
In this chapter, an historical example of women given as gifts between men is recounted. The implications of this in an Islamic context are explored in view of Postulate One.
Closely related to this matter, are references in Islamic literature to women as 'deficient' and the consequent limiting of their roles and power; creating a situation where they tend to be objects acted upon by the will of men.
What's disturbing is that the cultural practices and values in which these norms flourish do find root in Islamic theology that lends itself to an androcentric reading.
This discovery violates Postulates One (Universality), Five (Overall Truth) and Six (The Balance of Realism and the Ideal).
- The right of the husband to beat his wife
In Qur'an 4:35,12 a man is given the right to beat his wife. While most Muslims claim foul when this verse is critiqued by non-Muslims as unjust, a clear and sensible explanation from the Muslim perspective has not been forthcoming.
This chapter explores Qur'anic commentary notes and other written passages from Ahmadiyya Muslim literature which attempt to address the controversy, but only produce confusion and ambiguity.
This state of affairs raises doubts on whether this Qur'anic injunction can withstand Postulates Four (Limits of Interpretation) and Six (The Balance of Realism and the Ideal).
- The Qur’anic inheritance ratio
Generally speaking, Islamic inheritance requires that the share of inheritance for a male is equal to twice that apportioned to females. It is said that since female income and assets are a woman's alone and she is not responsible for the finances of the family, the Islamic system of inheritance works out favourably for females.
In a hypothetical alternate system, I propose equal shares for both male and female, but require that the female submit one-third of her share to the family, keeping the other two-thirds for herself. This ensures equality yet still benefits the female in the event that she is alone, widowed, etc.
This hypothetical alternative is more comprehensive than the Qur'anic version, yet provides the same protection to both the family and the female. Consequently, and in this light, Postulate One is challenged.
- The difference in divorce protocol
This brief chapter seeks to draw feedback on why the divorce protocol differs for men and women in Islam vis-à-vis the woman’s requirement to involve a judge.
Specifically, beyond the issue of separation of property, why should a woman be required to obtain the permission of a judge to grant the actual divorce, in contradistinction to the lack of such a requirement for men?
- The marriage of Hazrat Aisha and precedent
This chapter looks at Prophet Muhammad’s marriage to Hazrat Aisha seeking to juxtapose the Prophet’s burden of precedent and his example (Sunnah) with Postulates One, Two and Three as they reverberate on universality, reasonableness and repercussions of a fundamental nature for future generations.
A deep probing of early Islamic disagreement on the role of the legalistic and cultural aspects of Islam in the Prophet’s time are explored for their meaning to modern day Islam and the scope of its role in our lives on issues as sensitive as marriage and the independence of women as persons.
- The Jahilia period and change—then and now
This chapter explores Leila Ahmed’s Women and Gender in Islam to support the thesis that pre-Islamic Arabia did possess some advances and liberties which the onset of Islam diminished for hundreds of years thereafter.
This realization poses the question of whether modern day Islam in the West would have achieved its balance (which few modern-day Muslims would deny it), had it not been influenced by positive aspects of Western thought and culture.
- Administrative institutions and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at
The limited role of women in the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at’s administrative machinery and their limited presence on influential and mixed committees raises questions as to whether the Jama’at can serve as a model society for the world.
We explore the reasons why women’s roles and participation are so limited, raising questions along the way regarding the validity of these policies. Throughout this analysis, the unconscious impact of these policies on youth is conjectured.
- Youth and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at
Ahmadi Muslim youth having lived most or all of their lives in European or North American contexts are no doubt affected by the conservative policies and Pakistani dominated culture of the Jama’at.
This chapter explores the effects this steady-state of androcentric Pakistani culture imparts on the Community and how consequently, it is rarely in anyone’s interest to vocalize their opinions.
One of the pressing issues for the Jama’at is to realize that there are technical points of theology which are simply difficult to accept. No framework exists for dealing with these issues unless one is willing to risk the stigma and controversy, sure to follow.
Traversing cause and effect, we arrive at a thesis on what is most likely to occur to youth in the Jama’at, given the status quo.
- Marriage and administrative policy: a double standard
This chapter deals with the issue of why men within the Community are permitted to marry Muslims outside the Community without excommunication, while women who attempt to do so, are excommunicated.
It is argued that the original reasons for these administrative policies no longer hold everywhere in the world and as such, the rules need to be revisited immediately so that the inequality is not allowed to persist.
Finally, the implications of imbalances in the marriage pool and strict segregation are shown to only underscore the difficulty for women in finding a partner.
Interested in reading? The book is now available for download.
Overview.
Today, I am wiser and more experienced than the young man who began writing The Things We Think but are too Afraid to Say. I do believe, however, that after all these years, my book still holds up rather well.
I do plan to revisit key areas of the book in the coming years with the production of new, standalone essays. These will provide for shorter reads and a refreshed presentation of the book’s themes. To kick things off, I have completed a revised and expanded version of the book’s foundational section. It’s an essay entitled The Postulates. This essay contains the ground rules and implicit assumptions that many of us from an Islamic background will recognize. I believe that these postulates represent an important part of the conversation going forward. What rules do we use to evaluate the merits and truth claims of any religion, including Islam? The Postulates present a framework that seeks to establish starting points for dialogue.
The 2019 Edition of my book presents everything contained in the original 1998 Edition. With the exception of an additional preface for 2019, some grammatical improvements for readability, and newly hyperlinked references, this reprinting is an accurate representation of the original’s arguments and analysis. This means that I am giving you access to the weaker arguments, the knockout blows, as well as everything in between. All are issues that my own religious community’s senior leadership could not, or would not, address.1
Had I released my book of questions publicly in 1998, I do believe that the Jama’at would have been motivated to actually respond. By contrast, releasing my book publicly today in the age of social media almost guarantees several unofficial attempts at a response will be made. I expect that today, many young Ahmadi Muslims in the Jama’at’s Writers Guild will be infused with a misdirected victimhood complex to ‘defend the faith’. They will no doubt, attempt a response. My message of goodwill to such passionate souls is simply this:
I understand. I too, was once where you are. I recognize that you must go through your own journey. I understand that you may feel as though I have somehow, attacked you. As a matter of fact, I have not. Separate your identity from your inherited ideology. You’ve been groomed to feel outrage when Islam or Muhammad are critiqued.
I implore you to step back and consider that my criticisms of Islam/Ahmadiyya might actually be valid. I hope that you do not spend years of your life trying to justify and defend that which you have been conditioned to believe. It’s not your fault, but you can take control. Disengage the auto-pilot. Think critically.
Remember, I too believe that the persecution of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan and elsewhere is simply wrong. I too, believe that Ahmadi Muslims have the right to self-identify as Muslims everywhere in the world. I stand in solidarity with you against terrorism, blasphemy laws and in support of secular governance. On many issues, we are one. When it comes to whether Islam is actually true or not—that is where we differ. Ask yourself, how many born-Ahmadi Muslims would be believers if you introduced them to the religion and its proofs, as grown adults?
A Journey of Questioning.
As a devout Muslim teenager, I had studied Islam/Ahmadiyya with a passion. I wanted to learn more about God’s plans for humanity. I wanted to be more effective in sharing His message. The Islam presented to me in literature published by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community was inspiring. Compared to orthodox Islam, it also seemed progressive.
As a teenager of 17, I became active in preaching. This activism took place in my high school and in my speaking opportunities at local Jama’at events. To be more effective with my preaching efforts, it occurred to me that I needed to understand the contentious issues for which Islam was so frequently criticized. These were criticisms that didn’t seem to be an issue in the East, but which were persistent here in the West. These were criticisms that I had to admit that I too, could empathize with.
Proselytization Terminology.
Some definitions are in order. In this post, I use terminology relating to proselytization. In Ahmadi Muslim circles, which are dominated demographically by people of a Punjabi ethnicity with an Urdu speaking background, the word most often used for preaching is tabligh. Orthodox and mainstream Muslim communities tend to use the Arabic word dawah for the same idea.
Unrelated, and for our purposes here, the word Jama’at is also synonymous with “community”. Hence, I’ll sometimes refer to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at, or as simply “the Jama’at”.
I promised myself that if I came across something that didn’t sit well with me, I would work to understand it. If I was put off by something, then no doubt, open minded people outside of the religion were going to be too—and they would be far less forgiving. I promised myself that when investigating such topics, I wouldn’t ever gloss over the Islamic apologetics. Unless I could honestly say that certain explanations truly resonated with me, I wouldn’t use them to defend the faith in front of others nor to silence the questions in my own mind. Having a clear conscience was non-negotiable. In addition, I resolved to never capitulate to sophistry.
With this firm stance, it was inevitable. I had come to a crossroads. This brutal self-honesty came with consequences. Once I began exploring, I encountered numerous issues that didn’t sit well with me. My issues with Islam at the time focused primarily on the gender inequality that was woven into the Qur’an. Disparities between the sexes exist in the Qur’an when it comes to the rules and protocol for witness, marriage, divorce, inheritance, and sexual consent. Further, the Islamic apologetics on the Qur’anic injunctions codifying these imbalances were rather unconvincing.
As a very active youth member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the early 1990s, I enjoyed considerable access to the Jama’at’s senior leadership. This included the Amir and Missionary In-Charge of Canada, as well as the Jama’at’s National Secretary of Canada. I had several collaborative one-on-one discussions with these leaders. With the missionary, it was often in his office at the Bait-ul-Islam Mission House. With the National Secretary with whom I often volunteered, we had occasion to speak during our many long drives between Maple, where the Mission House was, and Scarborough, where we both lived.
Salient Personalities.
In this post, you’ll notice that I am using titles for members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and not names. I want to convey the experiences and the impact of my relationships with key leaders of the Jama’at, without making specific personalities the point of focus. It will, however, be a simple matter for people within the Community to reconcile timelines and titles, if they wish to do so.
If in reaction to this piece, however, Ahmadi Muslims of standing in the Jama’at wish to imply that names are being withheld because the recounting of events here is somehow untrue, then I will consider updating this post to include the names which I had initially withheld. If I do so, please know that this is not an attack on the elders of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. I appreciate the effort of these elders who had invested in me during my youth. I believe that for the most part, they were doing what they felt was best, even though we now disagree on what constitutes religious truth.
There are two key personalities in the Jama’at that you will see referenced in this article:
- The National Secretary. This role is part of the National ‘Āmila (committee). Generally speaking, the person in this role is not a trained missionary. Rather, this role is filled by a devout Ahmadi Muslim who has risen through the ranks in volunteer service to the Community. In my youth, I volunteered with the National Secretary. He was one of my religious mentors. A man of deep conviction and devotion to the Jama’at.
- The Amir and Missionary In-Charge. This person actually held two titles (a) Amir and (b) Missionary In-Charge. Typically, these roles are assigned to different people. In 1990s Canada, however, both of these roles were entrusted to one person. The general rule of having missionaries rotate posts every few years was also waived in order for this particular missionary to preside over the Canadian Jama’at for well over a decade. For brevity, I will sometimes refer to this person as the “Amir” or just the “Missionary”. The entire title is nonetheless, to be understood.
My religious elders appreciated that I wanted to be better equipped to explain the controversial issues in Islam. After all, my goal was to take tabligh2 here in the West, to the next level.
When these religious elders tried to answer my questions in conversation, the answers were never satisfactory, or they never maintained cohesion for very long. I would leave these conversations only to come back after having conducted additional research and reflection. I would present arguments for why the proposed explanations from my religious elders were unsatisfactory. To their credit, they did often acknowledge where their suppositions didn’t hold up to criticism. Acknowledging this, there were times that we’d collectively brainstorm for alternative explanations.
I know that we all felt it. We were on the same team. We wanted to steel man Ahmadiyyat in order to share it more effectively, i.e. to convert more people.
This process of critiquing proposed justifications for controversial injunctions would be repeated several times over, for any given point. Most of the time, there wasn’t a clear and convincing resolution to my queries regarding the inequality of men and women in the Qur’an. This concerned me. I was having conversations with missionaries and religious elders whose job it was to illuminate the beauties of Islam.
Flashback: A Missionary Thinks Outside the Box.
In one of my one-on-one sit downs, the Amir & Missionary In-Charge shared with me some near radical ideas for re-interpreting a few Qur'anic verses dealing with women. Verses that Islam is often criticized for. The Missionary knew that I was passionate about tabligh. He also knew that standard explanations to controversial issues were coming up short, and repeatedly so.
If I were in his shoes, I too, would feel constrained by outdated Qur’anic injunctions. I do believe that the Missionary wanted to give me something hopeful to hang on to. He wanted to give me and others hope that Islam and the Qur’an could be salvaged; that the book could still be relevant for modern times.
One of the Missionary’s proposed re-interpretations was particularly promising. It had to do with the opening phrase of Qur’an 4:34:13
Men are guardians over women because Allah has made some of them excel others, and because men spend on them of their wealth...
The radical new idea here, was that perhaps this verse could allow for women who earn more than their husbands, to be in charge of the family, including the men! After all, the Qur’an explains its own reasoning. It’s about who’s spending their wealth on whom. My younger self thought this was brilliant. I was genuinely excited. I even felt relieved. The Missionary understood that as commonly understood by Ahmadi Muslim theologians, verses like 4:34 were indeed, problematic.
“But hold on”, the Missionary told me. He continued to advise with caution (I’m paraphrasing now): “These are just my own ideas and private conjecture. Do not use these explanations in dialogue with others, since they depart from our established tafsir 14 to date. We first require approval from the Khalifa before this interpretation can be deemed valid and shared with others. Until then, keep this to yourself.”
In a later follow up discussion, the Missionary advised that the Khalifa, Mirza Tahir Ahmad, had denied him this re-interpretation of Qur’an 4:34. Hearing that news, I was truly deflated. Increasingly, Islam was getting harder to defend. I couldn’t help but now reevaluate my beliefs: “Is this stuff even worth defending? Why do we even assume that such scriptures are true?”
Once upon a time, this Missionary In-Charge had a progressive streak. He was willing to explore radical re-interpretations of the Qur’an in order to help keep Islam relevant. Sadly, this spark was extinguished. Such cognitive dissonance must be a difficult burden to carry when your day job requires you hold beliefs that deep down, you know to be regressive or at best, sub-optimal. It is no wonder that this Amir & Missionary In-Charge would later respond with either confusion or outright dismissiveness. But I’m getting ahead of myself.
Winter 2018
Fast forward to today. It’s interesting that in polite conversation with a younger Ahmadi Muslim missionary on Twitter, I had to restate this series of events in multiple ways in order for him to grasp that the Missionary In-Charge from 1990s Canada hadn’t gone rogue. Later, this same young Ahmadi Muslim missionary, Asif Bin Owais, would block me on Twitter. My last interaction with him was in January 2018 where I stated, “Very much appreciate that we could all engage in a civil fashion. I wish you well Asif Sahib! Peace.”
In February 2018, you can see me showing my solidarity and support for an Ahmadi Muslim missionary stationed in Greece, who was getting death threats from orthodox Muslims nearby.
The Twitter blocking from several Ahmadi Muslim missionaries in the last couple of years is rather interesting. I leave it to you, dear reader, to determine what in my tweets warranted such measures (of blocking me).
Tweet 1
Here’s an excerpt from my conversation with Ahmadi Muslim missionary Asif Bin Owais, where I clarify that the Missionary In-Charge from 1990s Canada hadn’t gone rogue:
An Ahmadi Missionary once told me privately that he thought that perhaps this verse would allow women who earn/earn more than their unemployed/underemployed husbands could then be in charge of the family, based on this logic. Later, the Khalifa denied him this interpretation.
— Reason on Faith (@ReasonOnFaith)
To clarify, no one 'informed' this missionary. It was his own private conjecture based on discussion re: tabligh road blocks. He didn't go rogue. He advised me not to use this line or argument unless the Khalifa approved this interpretation. The Khalifa did not. It ended there.
— Reason on Faith (@ReasonOnFaith)
Tweet 2
My last interaction with Ahmadi Muslim missionary Asif Bin Owais, where I thank him for tackling a difficult subject with myself and another ex-Ahmadi Muslim, in a civil fashion:
The idea that the man is ALWAYS the head of the family is not rooted in any sensible logic or even reality. I know many families (in the Jamat too) that are matriarchal. I’m sure you do too. The wives have stronger personalities and the men are quite happy to follow their lead.
— I was you once (@I_was_you_once)
Just saw this going in order through my timeline. Very much appreciate that we could all engage in a civil fashion. I wish you well Asif Sahib! Peace.
— Reason on Faith (@ReasonOnFaith)
Tweet 3
The tweet where I show my support for an Ahmadi Muslim imam, who appreciated the solidarity:
Thank you for your support brother.
— Imam Atta-Ul Naseer (@ImamGreece)
Ultimately, I decided to write my questions down. This way, I could clearly highlight where the Jama’at’s Islamic apologetics didn’t pass muster. It occurred to me that sometimes, complex ideas have to be written down to be communicated most effectively.
Writing enables us to explore sophisticated concepts with nuance, and in a systematic fashion. I thought that I’d give Islam such an opportunity. I wouldn’t judge Islam based on verbal conversations that happened to yield underwhelming responses. Instead, I would pen a comprehensive set of questions to elicit what I had hoped would be a thoughtful and comprehensive response from the Jama’at’s top minds.
I first began writing in the Spring of 1992. Over the next several years, I refined my observations and my questions. Fast forward to the Spring of 1998. My book of questions was finally ready for a limited release.
The Distribution.
It was a crisp, cool morning in the suburbs of Toronto. The cashier at Kinko’s took my payment. It cost me some two-hundred dollars and change. The cashier handed me a box of three dozen freshly printed, cerlox bound books. This was the Spring of 1998. I was both excited and anxious. I had just received hard copies of my book for distribution. This book was the embodiment of questions that had weighed on me for over half a decade.
The List.
The Jama’at’s National Secretary knew that I was working on a book of questions, and that he would be receiving a copy. In addition, I made a list of people that I planned to give a copy to. Many were my peers. Most were friends that I had grown up with. In the end, few people on my list actually received their copy. I’ll explain why, later in this piece.
At the behest of my own family, some copies were slated to go to learned elders in the Community. An elder Ahmadi Muslim friend suggested that I send a copy to a Sunni Muslim scholar that he knew and respected. My friend’s perspective was simple: I shouldn’t take the view that non-Ahmadi Muslims wouldn’t have anything useful to add. I never did get around, however, to engaging any non-Ahmadi Muslim scholars.
My goal with this limited distribution was to generate some dialogue. Did my peers in the Jama’at have similar questions? Did they have similar observations? If they hadn’t thought of these issues before, what did they think of them now?
Idealizing Ahmadiyyat.
As a child attending Islamic Sunday School, I recall being taught that Islam was rational. We were taught that Islam contained no contradictions and that Christians didn’t have logic on their side, as we Muslims did. Consequently, Christians would shy away from debates with Muslims, we were told. Especially when they had to face-off against Ahmadi Muslims. Now I don’t think this line of propaganda was official Jama’at policy, but I do believe it was representative of how practicing Ahmadi Muslims would often see themselves.
This confidence in the Ahmadiyya Islamic narrative carried over from my youth and into my questioning phase as a young adult. I honestly believed that the more dialogue that we could generate within the wider Jama’at, the faster we’d all converge on the best answers. I honestly believed that the Jama’at would benefit from such dialogue. I wanted the Jama’at’s best minds to explain away these specific and problematic issues.
I had a rather flattering view of Ahmadiyya Islam. Ahmadiyyat was confident. It welcomed questions and dialogue. If religious elders in the Canadian Jama’at couldn’t answer my questions, some open dialogue would surely help us converge on better answers, together. Perhaps scholars of the Jama’at from around the globe would jump in. Perhaps everyday Ahmadi Muslims would take an interest in exploring these issues.
In idealizing Ahmadiyyat, I believed that the scholarly establishment within the Jama’at would welcome the challenge to demonstrate why Islam was superior and why the Qur’an was still timeless and universal.3
The First Copies.
A few weeks before the National Secretary of the Jama’at would have received his copy, I had given out copies to other Ahmadi Muslims. People on my list received a copy when I had occasion to meet them.
One copy went to my devoutly religious cousin. A second copy went to a close childhood friend from Sunday School. A third copy went to a childhood friend with whom I played hockey in the informally organized Ahmadiyya Sports Association (ASA) ball hockey league. A fourth copy went to my local religious youth leader, the Qa’id. These were all people in their mid-to-late 20s.
What would happen next, I did not anticipate.
The Fall Out.
Shortly after distributing a handful of copies to people on my list, the National Secretary of the Jama’at contacted me. He asked me why it was that some people had already been given a copy. The National Secretary was under the impression that the book was exclusively for senior Jama’at officials to review, i.e. himself and the Amir.
In his understanding, the Jama’at’s leadership would be the ones to make the determination of who, if anyone, should also get a copy. I could sense that the National Secretary was upset with me.
The Hot Potatoes.
You may be wondering how it was that the Jama’at’s senior leadership was alerted to my book’s initial distribution. There were, in fact, two people who had received a copy directly from me and who had decided to pass the book up the Jama’at’s chain of command. Neither of them were Jama’at office-bearers. Both were, however, active members of the Community.4 Apparently, neither of them got too far into actually reading the book. What perplexed me at the time was that these people were my peers. For the most part, they grew up in Canada. Did they never ponder the gender inequality so pervasive in the Qur’an?5 Did they never ponder whether Ahmadiyyat’s apologetic commentary even made any sense?
For some, my book was clearly a hot potato. The Jama’at representatives who received copies from my peers had since forwarded them on to the National Secretary. I wasn’t upset that my peers had somehow revealed the existence of my book, putting it on the Jama’at leadership’s radar. Nor was I upset that my peers had given their own copies over to the Jama’at. The Jama’at’s senior leadership would have been receiving their own copies when I would have had occasion to meet with them next. The Amir and the National Secretary had been on my distribution list from the start. The National Secretary and I had talked about my writings prior to the book’s completion. That my book was in the works was neither a surprise nor a secret. What some might see as a betrayal of trust by my peers wasn’t actually the reason for my dismay.
I was disappointed that my peers hadn’t the curiosity nor the desire to confront new ideas. Uncomfortable ideas. Apparently, my book presented too provocative a challenge to their inherited beliefs and their social conditioning. A challenge to ideas perhaps incorrectly perceived as a challenge to their identities. Reading the ideas of one of their own who questioned the religion was likely seen as socially uncalibrated and self-destructive. Perhaps it was even perceived as hostile.
The challenge facing us free thinkers is that too many people conflate the critique of an ideology with an attack on the people who hold it. Unfortunately, this erroneous equivalency and this confusion continues well into the present day. Many Muslims are conditioned to be defensive about anything that might compromise their religious convictions. They are conditioned to resist anything which might challenge the foundational ideas that define how and why they live their lives as Muslims.
My only goal in the limited and private distribution of 1998 was to generate some feedback and discussion amongst my peers. I wondered:
Why weren't other people in the Jama’at thinking about these issues? Why aren’t other people troubled by this?
A few days after the Jama’at learned of my initial distribution, and at the request of the National Secretary, I retrieved the last remaining copies out in the wild.
One dear friend of mine, I vividly recall. He came to my house and reluctantly handed over his copy of my book. He had only started reading it. My friend had no opinion on its contents as yet, but he did feel it a minor travesty that something which I had put my heart and soul into, was now being censored in this way.
Applauding the Effort.
Several months later, with the Jama’at’s leadership being the exclusive custodians of the book, my parents suggested that I share a copy with a close family friend who was also the author of religious books. He was extremely knowledgeable and articulate. I didn’t realize that my parents had actually kept a small stash of printed copies for exactly this purpose! Perhaps they instinctively knew that Jama’at officials were unlikely to respond in any meaningful time frame.
The family friend who received this copy from my parents was (and is) a man I very much respect. As is common in South-Asian culture, we would refer to him as an uncle. This uncle (and his wife, my aunty) had always shown youth in the Jama’at lots of warmth and hospitality. They genuinely cared about us. They would spend hours of their time each week nurturing the development of young adults in our Community. For all the cultural backwardness that we might be exposed to interacting with the Jama’at writ large, this aunty and uncle were a beacon of reason, generosity, kindness, and class.
After reading my book, and instead of rebuking me, this uncle congratulated me for caring so much. He remarked that of the ten million or so Ahmadi Muslims in the world, it was unlikely that anyone as young as I had taken this much of an interest in questioning and exploring the underlying theology. It was unlikely that anyone else had put this much of an effort into seeking out the truth of religion. This struggle alone he explained, deserved approbation.
In casual conversation, this uncle and I did eventually go through my questions. Some of what he relayed was mildly encouraging. However, there would always be caveats. His opinions weren’t the Jama’at’s official positions. Nor was the Jama’at likely to ever officially recognize or take these same positions. His ideas were, however, apologetics that I could internalize for my private understanding, if they helped me reconcile with Islam/Ahmadiyyat.
For example, this uncle would point out that one can read into the Qur’an that Mary was a virgin when she got the news about Jesus, but that it is still possible (more likely?) that she then married Joseph with whom she actually conceived Jesus. No miraculous virgin birth needed to explain the story narrated in the Qur’an.
This approach didn’t sit well with me, however. Although I appreciated my uncle’s efforts, I did not want a private belief system. I believe that our best answers should be shared, defended, and promoted. Nonetheless, I appreciate that this uncle was much more progressive in his outlook on several issues—in contrast to the corresponding official positions proffered by the Jama’at.
Many years later, a well-loved and charismatic Murabbi in Canada would echo a similar sentiment about my book: these were fair questions to raise, especially for a young person growing up in Canada.
Recovering Copies.
It was now late Spring. The National Secretary had asked my father to hand over all copies of the book—those yet to be distributed as well as the initial few copies which I had since retrieved.
I learned of this after the fact. Having come home one day, I learned that my crate of books had already been taken from the house. Deflated, I nonetheless agreed to this decision. It was already made.
I felt a flood of conflicting emotions. Having worked so closely with the National Secretary, I felt a sense of loss given how upset he was with me. I deeply respected him as a mentor and as a wonderfully kind human being. But I was also on a fact-finding mission. I was on a quest and I wanted others to join. I wanted dialogue. I wanted answers. I wanted other people to care about the issues. I wanted people to wake up from inherited-belief-autopilot-syndrome.
So why did I surrender like this? It wasn’t, in fact, just about repairing my relationship with the National Secretary. I also capitulated for more practical reasons. In hindsight, my instincts proved to be rather prescient. The National Secretary advised that it was the leadership here in Canada that was going to provide me with answers. I didn’t want to give the Jama’at any excuses not to respond to my questions. Given that the Jama’at wanted to be the exclusive recipients of my book, I did as they asked. They were now on the hook to provide me with a formal response.
Had I continued to distribute the book myself, I would have lost the narrative. The story most talked about in the Community would have concerned itself with my defiance. My wish was that people might ponder and question inherited theology. Not whether I had gone rogue.
Interestingly, neither the National Secretary nor the Missionary In-Charge had asked me to send a copy to Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the Ahmadi Muslim Khalifa at the time. After asking me to hand in all copies of my book, it was natural to assume that if my questions and analysis were worthy of the Khalifa’s attention, a copy would have been sent to him by the Canadian Jama’at. They had a crate full of my printed books at the Mission House. Surely, they would be sending a copy for the Khalifa’s perusal, I thought. But as far as I know, Mirza Tahir Ahmad was never sent a copy.
Years later it dawned on me: my self-policing and capitulation to the Jama’at was the mark of deep religious indoctrination and even more so, a fear of the social consequences for both myself and my family. What would have happened had I published my book for all to see? What would have happened if I had just openly dropped Islam, married whomever I wished and moved on with my life? Well, in 1998, I had no mental model for how to deal with the fallout from doing any of these things, and so I didn’t. I played the role expected of me.
A supportive community is essential for most of us to make bold moves through uncharted waters. But this was 1998. No such communities existed back then.6
Reactions: The National Secretary.
A few weeks after obtaining his copy, the Jama’at’s National Secretary finished reading my book. I very much appreciate that he took the time to go through it. I appreciate that he understood why I had raised the questions that I did.
Soon after, the National Secretary visited me. We talked about my book. I vividly recall the conversation. We spoke in my bedroom on chairs facing one another, door closed. I mostly listened. I was definitely anxious.
In Profile: The National Secretary.
The National Secretary had himself converted to Ahmadiyyat as a young man growing up in Pakistan. He had done his research on Ahmadiyyat having moved to Rabwah to investigate what Ahmadis were up to, up close. He wasn’t a person who just went with the flow. He had thought about it.
The National Secretary relayed to me that once he accepted Ahmadiyyat, he did not keep looking for reasons why Ahmadiyyat—or Islam for that matter—might not be true. In effect, he did not continue to litigate the belief system that he had now adopted. And that’s understandable. It can be mentally taxing to continue to question or evaluate disconfirming evidence. We are all entitled to come to a reasonable conclusion about the world and then get on with the business of living our lives.
The National Secretary did convey a mix of surprise and displeasure that I had approached the topics in my book from the perspective of an outsider looking in. I explained that I had wanted to be as objective as possible, without presupposing conclusions that we were conditioned to accept by sheer virtue of having been born Muslim. Starting with a conclusion in mind and then looking for confirming evidence in order to navigate back to that initial “conclusion” was a dishonest mode of inquiry, I explained. We should not be dishonest with ourselves.
The National Secretary advised that he did not personally have answers to the issues that I had raised in my book. He nonetheless told me that my questions and analysis were scholarly. Yes, that was the exact word that he had used. The National Secretary then shared a story with me. That of a former Twelver Shia Muslim who had converted to Ahmadiyya Islam. This convert was deeply familiar with the succession history of early Islam. Although the convert had accepted Ahmadiyyat, he still felt strongly that based on early Islamic history and evidence, it was Ali ibn Abi Talib who was meant to first succeed the Prophet Muhammad—not Abu Bakr.
The National Secretary explained to me how this convert was allowed to keep his private convictions on the subject, and still be an Ahmadi Muslim. The convert just wasn’t allowed to suggest to others that his personal view had any official sanction in Ahmadiyya Islam. The National Secretary suggested that perhaps I could have some private views and convictions which I kept to myself. Beliefs which Ahmadiyya Islam would not endorse or recognize in any official way. This might be the path by which I could retain a measure of belief in Islam/Ahmadiyya.
Such dual messaging strategies never sat well with me, however. I have always wanted to share my best ideas with the world and I have always wanted others to do the same. The National Secretary and I were at an impasse. Sensing this, the National Secretary with loving kindness gave me the best advice that he knew how to. He offered the sincere but wholly disappointing counsel: just pray and have faith.
The Jama’at’s Silence.
Although the National Secretary was kind enough to acknowledge that he personally wasn’t equipped to respond to my book, I did expect that someone else would have at least been assigned the task. I kept waiting. About a year after my sit-down with the National Secretary, I began to suspect that no written response was coming. Given how the next 20 years would play out, this was rather prescient of me.
Many more months would pass. Pondering the Jama’at’s continued silence on my book, at some level, I began to accept that the lack of a written reply or rebuttal of any kind, was in fact, my response. In the battle of ideas, Ahmadiyya Islam had tapped-out. The no-answer-answer, was in fact, my answer. Islam did not occupy the moral high ground with which to dispute the charges of inequality raised by my book. There was no point in continuing to waste my life trying to square this circle. No matter how much I had wanted to belong to the Community in which I grew up, trying to reconcile Islamic theology with reason was futile.
With this realization, there wasn’t much that actually changed in my life. I didn’t begin drinking alcohol nor did I begin eating pork. In fact, to this day, I still do neither. I’m still very much culturally Muslim and in a few ways, actually more traditional than some Muslims who retain the label of ‘Muslim’ for purely social and familial reasons.
I did, however, cease attending most Jama’at functions, fasting, and performing the Islamic prayer. These specific changes were enough for my religious parents to take notice. Yet, my parents had witnessed how religious I was before all of this. They had witnessed how diligently I had studied the faith. They had witnessed how conscientiously I had put my questions into writing. They had witnessed how, for several years after writing my book, the Jama’at wasn’t able nor was it willing to provide a written response.
For Muslim parents to whom religion is everything, a child leaving Islam is scary—even when that child is a fully-grown adult. Muslims are taught to believe that without Islam (or religious belief generally), human beings are rudderless.
At another level, however, my parents did understand. They couldn’t charge me with being the lazy Muslim or the irresponsible son. They couldn’t accuse me of being the wild child. I was none of those things. For these reasons, my father’s efforts to win me back to Islam weren’t even directed my way. My father focused on the Jama’at’s leadership. He focused on the one man in the Canadian Jama’at who could direct resources toward the composition of a written response. But my father was mistaken. My father had given the Jama’at’s Amir and Missionary In-Charge too much credit.
Reactions: The Amir and Missionary In-Charge.
Unlike his contemporaries, the Amir and Missionary In-Charge of Canada during the 1990s had a very much deer-in-the-headlights reaction to my book.
After my sit-down with the National Secretary, there were no further discussions with any Jama’at officials about my book. No written replies or rebuttals were even attempted. None at least, that ever saw daylight.
I had heard rumors that perhaps some Jama’at scholar in Hamilton7 was working on replying to one or more of the topics in my book. Ultimately, the Amir had vetoed moving forward with any formal response. Perhaps the Jama’at was concerned that publishing an incomplete or weak rebuttal would reflect badly on the Jama’at. Would it be safer for them to simply ignore the book than to risk answering it poorly? Perhaps pretending like my book didn’t exist was the shrewdest course of action for the Jama’at. Whether or not a written response was actually begun and then shelved, we may never know.
Since entrusting the book to Jama’at elders exclusively, it was only they who were in a position to read it and to respond to it. While I did originally seek to engage my peers in dialogue, I wasn’t interested in the opinions of uncles spouting off conspiracy theories or trying to justify misogyny. I was only interested in the Jama’at’s official response to the issues raised. These answers would empower me to more honestly evaluate, once and for all, the claims, coherence, and the evidence for Islam/Ahmadiyya on these specific issues.
It was never my goal to anesthetize my brain with mental gymnastics in order to accept a comforting lie. This, despite the fact that doing so was actually more conducive to living an easier life.
After every couple of years that would go by, my father would manage to pull the Amir aside and ask, “Do you have answers to my son’s religious questions yet?”
In this section, I relay the Amir’s responses to my father, as he relayed them to me. While the wording is paraphrased in the first two encounters, the sentiments are spot on. These encounters were seared into memory on the very day that each of them had taken place. The three asks parallel the narrative arc typical of the three acts one might find in a play—except that the events shared below—actually took place.
The First Ask.
The first time my father asked the Amir about answering my book, his response was profoundly honest. There was a sincere vulnerability in his words. My father relayed the Amir’s confession:
I’m confused. Your son is not just questioning Ahmadiyyat, he’s questioning Islam itself.
To this, my father stood puzzled. Wasn’t the Amir and Missionary In-Charge taught how to defend Islam in his seven years of missionary school?8 What exactly did they learn there? Was the Missionary In-Charge not taught how to answer Islam’s critics? This man wasn’t just a local Missionary assigned to a particular city. This missionary represented and was in charge of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for all of Canada. For well over a decade.
The Second Ask.
A couple of years had passed since my father first asked the Amir about my book. An occasion had now presented itself for my father to pull the Amir aside and ask him once again: when would the Jama’at’s official response to my book be coming?
As before, my father relayed the Amir’s reaction to me. This time, the Amir had been noticeably perturbed:
Your son wrote about The Prophet ṣallā llāhu ʿalay-hi wa-sallam,15 raping Hazrat Aisha. What kind of book is this for us to respond to?
My father was embarrassed. He came home and asked me why it was that I would write that Prophet Muhammad (54 years old) had raped young Aisha (9 years old).9 Unfortunately, my father was unable to grasp the writing in my book for himself.10 As a result, he took the Amir’s word for what was in the book. My father mistakenly assumed that my book had claimed that Muhammad had raped his youngest wife.
I didn’t expect a missionary to throw his hands in the air with outrage because he didn’t like facing pointed religious questions. Not that I had even asked one, but why should a blasphemous question go unanswered? Why do we assume that such a question couldn’t possibly have been a sincere ask?
Who Do They Worship?.
What’s interesting is that shirk16 is the greatest sin in Islam and yet, Muslims will gladly entertain doctrinal discussions with Christians about God begetting a son. Suggest that Muhammad had done anything questionable, and most devout Muslims will lose their sh…minds. By their actions, many Muslims the world over have demonstrated that more than Allah, they seem to worship Muhammad. I don’t think most of them realize this. But I digress.
The Marriage of Aisha and Precedent.
My book is now public for all to examine. Chapter 2 is entitled Polygamy and Slave Wives. Among other things, it dealt with the curious allowance for men to have relations not only with their wives, but also with what their “right hands possess”—i.e. their female slaves. Obviously, consent is a legitimate topic to discuss here. A lack of consent is of course, rape.
Chapter 7 is entitled The Marriage of Hazrat Aisha and Precedent. Here I discuss that even if the consummation of a marriage between a 54-year-old man and a 9-year-old girl was considered normal for 7th century Arabian society, does it not still pose a problem for us today, given that Muhammad is supposed to be the highest moral example for all future generations?
While the concept of rape is discussed in my book (Chapter 2), as is Muhammad’s relationship with Aisha (Chapter 7), to say that the book implied that Muhammad had raped Aisha would be to grossly misrepresent its contents.
The contents of my book having now been clearly established, it is worth underscoring what free and open inquiry actually entails. I believe that there is nothing wrong with someone asking a question which requires that we confront uncomfortable and possibly blasphemous contentions. We should not be shy in asking our religious leaders about the questions which trouble us.
Although my book did not discuss the topic of rape in the same breath (or even in the same chapter) as Muhammad’s marriage to Aisha, there would be nothing wrong with posing such a question had I felt that there was a question here to be asked. I personally do not believe that this allegation makes for a very compelling line of discourse. And that’s precisely why you won’t find any evidence for this allegation in my book.
The Muhammad-Aisha-rape question wasn’t one that I had ever posed. But had I done so, I would have expected that a mature theologian would be able to point out why my objections did not hold up to scrutiny. I would not expect them to so easily dismiss questions from a person whom they had witnessed growing up devoted to the Jama’at, with their very own eyes. Someone who was previously so passionate about the religion and the Community. If a religious leader can so easily be triggered by blasphemy, can they really expect to have an honest conversation with those in their flock who are doubting?
I explained to my father that there was no Muhammad-Aisha-rape passage in my book. My father finally understood. At this point, he was justifiably disappointed with the Amir for misrepresenting the contents of my book. This incident led myself and my family to a discouraging realization: the Amir and Missionary In-Charge must not have even opened the book. The Amir must have given a copy to some assistant to summarize for him. Perhaps I wasn’t on the Amir’s list of priorities. Completely understandable. Such people often do have a lot on their plate.
However, what we can conclude from this episode is that the Amir’s assistants (at that time) must not have been very bright. Yet it was also the Amir’s responsibility to have ascertained the scope of their abilities before delegating sensitive tasks to them.
If on the other hand, the Amir had actually read the book himself, then his response to my father was truly disappointing. We would have to conclude that the Amir and Missionary In-Charge had straight up misrepresented my book—or—that he was grossly incapable as a theologian and as a religious leader.
The Third Ask.
Fast forward another few years. My father once again has a private moment for an exchange with the Amir and Missionary In-Charge. The Amir brushes off my father’s request that he or someone else in the Jama’at answer my book. The Amir explains why there’s no point in the Jama’at responding to my book. He indicates that my book puts me so far beyond the pale, that it’s a waste of anyone’s time to respond. This time, the Amir executes his final evasive maneuver and pronounces in Urdu:
Wo tho zayya ho geya.
Translation: He’s a write off; he’s a lost cause.
This expression in Urdu is not a paraphrasing of the Amir’s response. This is the exact phrase uttered by the Amir and Missionary In-Charge, to my father.
Recap.
Over several years, an honest admission from the Amir progressed into outright dismissiveness. The Amir had gone from:
- “I’m confused”, to
- Misrepresenting the contents of my book, to
- Claiming that my book of questions puts me so beyond the pale, that it’s not even worth a response.
What does it say when the religious leadership of a missionary sect of Islam cannot address the most basic of questions concerning the inequality of women in scripture?
Not Your Typical Young Ahmadi Muslim.
In my early years of volunteering and devout practice, I had numerous responsibilities.
Once, I was in the Mission House leading a religious class for young boys when the senior leadership had to step out for the afternoon. That day, I had led the Zuhr and Asr prayers for everyone at the Mission House—including volunteer staff in the building. I was a teenager.
At local Community meetings, I would regularly be asked to address adults on contemporary issues. Sometimes, I also led prayers at these meetings. More than once, I helped organize Jama’at symposia where the public was invited.
In the early 1990s, I worked alongside another devoted Jama’at member to design the book cover for the first printing of Mirza Tahir Ahmad’s The Gulf Crisis and the New World Order. It was early days in the desktop publishing scene. I was still a teenager.
When the fourth Khalifa of the Community came to Toronto in 1992, I was asked and readily agreed to serve on his kahfila17 during his Majlis Irphan Q&A sessions. I even received permission to step out of that duty for a short time to avail the opportunity to ask questions myself. When I did, Mirza Tahir Ahmad remarked publicly (paraphrasing), “You do your homework! May God bless you!”
I can continue to recount many instances of service, devotion and passion for the Jama’at. I believe that this level of past commitment warrants some consideration. At minimum, the courtesy to eventually say:
We have come to a decision. We will not be responding to your book. You are free to share you book to seek out your own answers.
Ask yourself: why was there no formal response? Was it simply internal Jama’at politics holding back a written answer, or was Ahmadiyya Islam hemmed in theologically?
I’ve since realized that once you begin posting on social media, Jama’at officials suddenly do wish to speak with you. I wonder, will this eagerness to dialogue be retracted when the prerequisite is that we live stream these conversations for the public? Or that the Jama’at publishes a formal written response to my first batch of questions from 20 years ago?
I’m certainly done with religious elders espousing private theology to placate those who might begin thinking for themselves. If you have something insightful to add to the discourse, then it’s worth sharing your explanations with the world.
Critical Thinking and Grooming Professors of Religion.
My active service to the Jama’at often had me working alongside the National Secretary, sitting in on his meetings, formulating letters based on his guidance, and administrative support tasks of this nature. I would often be asked to take minutes during important meetings.
I vividly recall one National ‘Āmila meeting at the Bait-ul-Islam Mission House in the early 1990s. The members were brainstorming ideas on how to increase mindshare with western intellectuals. Tabligh was a huge priority for the Jama’at at this time. The fourth khalifa of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community had recently given a series of Friday Sermons on the importance of spreading the message and growing the Community’s membership roster—emphasizing at least at that time, quality over quantity.
One ‘Āmila member suggested that we as a Jama’at encourage young Ahmadis to pursue advanced degrees in religious studies, so as to groom them to become the next generation of professors of religion. Such a position would help extend the influence and legitimacy of Ahmadiyyat in academia. I remember thinking that this was a brilliant plan.
Another ‘Āmila member then chimed in with sobering news. He advised that this plan wouldn’t work, despite how promising it seemed. Whenever this strategy was tried in the past, he advised, the students pursuing these studies eventually left the Jama’at. They left both Ahmadiyyat and Islam. Every one of them. They all became atheists.
Years later, this real-world anecdote would underscore for me, a profound realization: When we empower people with the tools for critical thinking—and people direct these skills toward the evaluation of religion itself—religious indoctrination falls by the wayside.
Get the Book
Tap the book icon or this download link.
If you’re a Muslim who believes in the infallibility of the Qur’an and enlightenment values of equality, you owe it to yourself to consider the questions raised in this book—even if you aren’t from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
Lessons Learned.
From these early experiences in the Jama’at and with the lack of a written response to my book of questions, many lessons would come into focus in the years that followed.
The story continues with insights gained in these intervening years, as relayed in the sequel to this piece, Lessons Learned on Community and Dissent.
- For those of you who are feeling adventurous, you can find many friendly Ahmadi Muslims to talk to at events like Meet a Muslim and Coffee, Cake and True Islam.
- Tabligh means proselytization. See the resource box above, Proselytization Terminology, for more context.
- For those of you interested in the positioning of the Qur’an in this way, see Postulate One in my essay, The Postulates.
- Later in life, both did in fact, hold various volunteer positions of responsibility within the Jama’at. Fortunately, we have all remained on excellent terms, although we haven’t discussed my book in almost 20 years.
- Muslims often like to point to the spiritual gender equality articulated in the Qur’an as a response. I see these claims of spiritual equality in the Hereafter as merely dangling carrots in front of people. Incentives with no value in this life. They are vacuous statements intended to placate women so that they might swallow the stark inequality which the Qur’an articulates for them in this very life.
- Fortunately, they do today.
- A Canadian city an hour’s drive southwest of Toronto.
- For Ahmadi Muslim missionaries, this training academy is Jamia Ahmadiyya
- For authentic hadith citing Aisha’s age at the time of consummation and the fact that she was still playing with dolls, see this WikiIslam entry.
- As an immigrant, originally from India with limited post-secondary education, my father unfortunately, could not follow along with the diction used in the book.